(Veneration
of the dead, ancestor reverence, Śrāddha or Shraaddha, Hindu Funeral Rites, Antyesti
for the disposal of the dead and Tarpana post-mortem rites etc.)
Introduction:
According
to Hinduism, life is one continuous never-ending process until one gets liberation.
All change is only the change of environment and embodiment. The soul is
Immortal. It takes one form after another on account of its own actions.
Hinduism is based on two fundamental doctrines, (a) the law of Karma and (b) the
law of transmigration. Death is only a necessary and passing phenomenon. Just
as you move from one house to another, the soul passes from one body to another
to gain experiences.
Śrāddha
(Sanskrit: श्राद्ध) is a Sanskrit
word which literally means anything or any act that is performed with all
sincerity and faith. In the Hindu religion, it is the ritual that one performs
to pay homage to one’s 'ancestors' (Sanskrit: Pitṛs), especially to one’s dead
parents. Conceptually, it is a way for people to express heartfelt gratitude
and thanks towards their parents and ancestors, for having helped them to be
what they are and praying for their peace. It also can be thought of as a "day
of remembrance."
Tribal
religion:
As
early man advanced in his culture and took to rituals, he started worshiping
his ancestors first by burying their bodies and marking the place of burial by
stones. He placed wild flowers there and meat as symbolic reverence to them.
Some sort of ancestor worship continued until late in the civilizations. In
Indian culture, ancestor worship was prevalent before the spread of Vedic
religion. For some time two groups of people were there called Pitheryanis
(ancestor worshipers) and Devayanis (god worshipers). Later the ancestor
worship was assimilated into Hinduism as Shradda (memorial rites).
One
party maintains that ancestor worship is the beginning of religious ideas; the
other, that religion originates in the personification of the power of nature
(e.g. sun god, moon god, river god, hill god etc). Man wants to keep up the
memory of his dead relatives and thinks they are living even when the body is
dissolved, and he wants to place food for them and, in a certain sense, to
worship them. Out of that came the growth we call religion.
Studying
the ancient religions of the Egyptians, Babylonians, Chinese, and many other
races in America and elsewhere, we find very clear traces of this ancestor
worship being the beginning of religion. Egyptians built those huge pyramids in
which they preserved the bodies.
On
the other hand, there are scholars who from the ancient Aryan literature show
that religion originated in nature worship. Although in India we find proofs of
ancestor worship everywhere, yet in the oldest records there is no trace of it
whatsoever. In the Rig-Veda Samhita, the most ancient record of the Aryan race,
we do not find any trace of it. Modern scholars think, it is the worship of
nature that they find there.
Hindu
rituals for the dead serve five purposes:
1. disposal
of the body,
2. consolation
of those grieving,
3. assistance
to the departing soul to reach pitr-loka,
4. sustenance
to those pitrs who have reached that destination,
5. A
call by the living for help from the pitrs.
Ancient
belief system can be divided into three periods of development:
1. The
Vedic period:
In the Vedas we
trace the endeavor of that ancient people to find God. In their search for Him they
came upon different strata; beginning with ancestor worship, they passed on to
the worship of Agni, the fire-god, of Indra, the god of thunder etc. In the
Vedic period it was believed that the spirit of a dead person became a pitr
immediately after the disposal of the body. As soon as the spirit became a pitr
it became a recipient of various Vedic sacrifices known as pitr-yajnas. Most
prior works on ancestor worship have done little to address the question of how
shraddha, the paradigmatic ritual of ancestor worship up to the present day,
came to be.
2. The
Smriti and Sutra period:
During the smriti
and Grhya sutra period it was believed that a soul did not become a pitr
immediately after death, but entered an intermediate stage of life called a
preta. This preta being could only become a pitr after certain rituals called
ekoddista-sraddhas were performed by living relatives. This usually took a
year. This is the redefinition of ancestral rites in the Grhyasutras. Manu
mentioned all humans must repay three innate debts: pitri rina(ancestral
debts), rishi rina (the debt we owe to those who have contributed to our
knowledge), and deva rina (our debts to the Divine). It is our duty to take
care of our parents and demonstrate our gratitude to those who were
instrumental in the continuation of the lineage in which we were born.
3. The
Puranic period:
During the final
Puranic period the idea expanded to include a new stage of life called the
ativahika stage. As soon as the physical body was cremated the soul did not
become a preta, but instead took on an initial ativahika body. In order to
release the soul from this stage, a set of even more specialized rites called
purakas had to be performed by the living relatives. This ativahika stage generally
lasted for ten days after which the soul became a preta wherein the
ekoddista-sraddhas would be performed to complete the transition into a pitr
after one year. Underlying this process was the belief that without the help of
living relatives performing particular rites at specific times, the departing
soul was unable to obtain the necessary body by which it could partake in the
enjoyments of the pitrs. Therefore, in all stages, the living relatives had to
perform some required rites.
The soul in its
disembodied form hovers about its original and familiar places for ten days. It
is in the form of a ghost during these ten days. The astral body takes shape
from day to day with the formation of the head, eyes, and other limbs of the
Linga Sarira, fed and nourished by the sesamum and water poured out in libation.
Soul is fully embodied on the eleventh day. It starts on its journey to the
judgement seat of Lord Yama, the God of death. It takes one full year from the
time of death to reach Lord Yama’s place. The son should perform the Sapinda
ceremony on the twelfth day. This is how religion in India changed so radically
in the last half of the first millennium BCE.
The
Funeral (Antyesti)
In
Sanskrit the term antyesti refers to the final sacrifice, the last of the 16
samskaras or life sacraments that mark important events in an individual’s
life. The antyesti ceremony is the funeral ceremony. This samskara is performed
to dispose of the dead body, to give peace to the departed soul, and to enable
it to enter the world of the ancestors (pitrs). Pitr-loka is the name of the
realm of existance wherein the pitrs dwell.
From
the earliest Vedic times cremation was the most common means of disposing of a
body. There is, however, written evidence that burial and post burial
ceremonies also occurred during the Vedic period. The Rg and Atharva Vedas
mention both burial and cremation as legitimate methods for the disposal of the
dead. We find evidence in the Aranyakas that the burial of incinerated bones
and ashes was an important and elaborate ceremony. By the Grhya and Puranic
periods, however, burial and post cremation burial are hardly mentioned.
Cremation had become the only orthodox method for the disposal of the dead.
Vedic
Idea:
Here
is a summary of what we know about cremation from the Rig-veda:
1. The
fire deity, Agni, was invoked to carry the departing soul to the realm of Yama,
the god of death.
2. In
the case of a priest his sacrificial implements were burned along with his
body.
3. Prayers
were recited to various deities in order to transfer the departing soul to the
world of the pitrs.
4. A
cow or goat, known as an anustarani, was burned along with the body of the
deceased. This line needs to be verified. Taittiriya Aranyaka (Prashna 6) states that the cow dear to the person was taken to the burial grounds to bid farewell to its boss. The book states explicitly that the cow was returned to its shed (and not killed), after being treated respectfully
5. In
the case of a deceased husband, the wife would lay on the funeral pyre alongside
the body of her husband. Before the fire was lighted, she would be asked to
rise from the side of her husband’s body and rejoin the living.
The
Atharva-veda (XVIII) adds the following information:
1. The
body was dressed in new garments before cremation.
2. Grains
and sesame seeds were scattered alongside the body before cremation.
3. The
pitrs were ritually invoked to attend the ceremony and invited to sit on the
southern side of the fire.
4. Streams
of ghee along with prayers were offered to the pitrs during the cremation.
5. Prayers
and oblations made of rice cakes, milk, meat, honey, and water were used in the
worship of various gods in order to ensure long life and prosperity for the
living relatives.
6. Prayers
and oblations were offered to three generations of pitrs: the father, the
grandfather, and the great grandfather, during the cremation.
7. Cakes
of rice, sesame and other articles of food were buried along with the cremated
bones.
Bhagavad
Gita:
Ancestor
worship is discouraged in Bhagavad Gita.
Gita
Chapter 9.25:
yanti deva-vrata devan pitrn yanti pitr-vratah
bhutani yanti
bhutejya yanti mad-yajino 'pi mam
Those who worship the
demigods will take birth among the demigods; those who worship ghosts and
spirits will take birth among such beings; those who worship ancestors go to
the ancestors; and those who worship Me (Supreme God) will live with Supreme
God.
Those
who carry out Shraadhs, i.e. who worship the Pitris or deceased Ancestors will become
Pitra. They do not attain liberation.
Srimad
bhagavatam:
Srimad bhagavatam - 2.3.8 (Canto 2, Chapter 3,
Sloka 8)
For
spiritual progress the supreme truth is worshiped, for offspring and their care one seeks the ancestral [the residents of
Pitriloka], pious persons are sought by those who seek protection, while
the demigods in general are there for the less common desires.
Ramayana
(Pinda by Rama):
According
to tradition, in the absence of Rama, his wife Sita offered pinda to Dasharatha,
father of Rama on the bank of Phalgu river at Gaya. In Valmiki Ramayana Ayodhya
kanda it is mentioned Rama offered water libation to his father in Mandakini
river saying “Oh father, let this be yours.” Rama took one hand full of water
and faced the southern direction and said “Let this pure water which is offered
to you be inexhaustible”. Rama mixed
fruits of Badari tree with pulp of Ingudi tree and made balls kept them on
Durba grass. Said “Oh greate king, we are offering you the food that we
normally take. I request you to please take it, because a man can offer only
whatever he partakes to his manes.”
Swami
Dayananda (Founder of Arya samaj):
Swami
Dayananda did not approve to do Pinda daan. According to him the original
meaning of the word Shraddha is Shraddha, "devotion." It is the duty
of every son to serve his parents with all possible devotion while they are
living. But the performance of Shraddha in honor of the dead does not bear out
the original idea at all. Shraddha really signifies to serve the living parents
with all devotion, not the dead. And it is, therefore, useless to offer Pinda
(rice balls) in honor of the dead, as it results in no good.
Swami
Vivekananda:
Swami
Vivekananda pointed out in a letter 9th February 1902, that Gaya was a place of
ancestor-worship even before Buddhism, and the footprint-worship the Buddhists
copied from the Hindus.
Sri
Ramakrishna:
Sri
Ramakrishna’s father Khudiram went to Gaya and had a vision that Vishnu promised
him to come as a son to his house. After that Ramakrishna was born. Here in
Gaya, from ancient times, Hindus have come from all four corners of India to
discharge their duties to their departed ancestors by offering them food and
drink at the sacred footprint of the Lord Vishnu.
Holy
mother Sarada Devi:
Holy
mother Sarada Devi when she was questioned at Jayarambati said “All people, excepting
highly evolved souls, live in the spirit body for a year. After that, food and
water are offered in Gaya for the satisfaction of the departed souls and
religious festivals are arranged. By these means the souls of the departed are
released from their spirit body. It is possible for one to attain to a higher
state if one's Sraddha ceremony is performed in Gaya. Then what is the
necessity of spiritual practices? These dead souls, no doubt, attain to a
higher state and live there for some time, but afterwards they are again born
in this world according to their past desires. For whom no Sraddha ceremony is
performed in Gaya, they live in the spirit body until some fortunate ones born
in their family perform the Sraddha ceremony in Gaya or some other forms of
obsequies. But if a person has some meritorious action to his credit in this
life, he does not lose spiritual consciousness altogether in his spirit body.”
Ramana
Maharshi:
From
talks with Ramana Maharshi: Most religions have constructed elaborate theories
which purport to explain what happens to the individual soul after the death of
the body. Some claim that the soul goes to heaven or hell while others claim
that it is reincarnated in a new body.
Sri
Ramana Maharshi taught that all such theories are based on the false assumption
that the individual self or soul is real; once this illusion is seen through,
the whole superstructure of after-life theories collapses. From the standpoint
of the Self, there is no birth or death, no heaven or hell, and no
reincarnation. How long does it take a man to be reborn after death? Is it
immediately after death or some time later? Maharshi said: You do not know what
you were before birth, yet you want to know what you will be after death. Do
you know what you are now?
Sraddha
at the feet of Vishnu:
According
to this approach, food or water that is offered to the pitrs is first offered
to Visnu and thereby transformed into visnu-prasada. The word prasada means
“mercy” or “grace.” Thus visnu-prasada is God’s grace. This prasada of Visnu is
then offered to the pitrs, who now receive God’s grace instead of mere food or
water. In this way, the grace of God has the power to elevate and sustain the
pitrs in a manner that no human power can match. In the case of a homa or
havan, a ritual performed with fire, the fire is used as the “delivery system”
by which Visnu is first offered food. This food offering, which is now God’s
grace, is then offered to the pitrs through the fire. It is thus Agnideva, the
fire God, who acts as the link between this world and the world of the pitrs. The
successful outcome of the sraddha process is therefore, not dependant on the
power of the ritual, the expertise of the priest, precise timing, and
availability of the articles, etc. but upon God alone. This approach involved
the ‘handing over’ of the fate of the soul to God.
The
Padma-purana enjoins that deities other than Visnu and the fathers may be
propitiated with food that has been first offered to Visnu. In the
Brahmanda-purana it is enjoined that the father’s remain gratified for
thousands of kalpas with rice cakes, prepared with the remnants of food offered
with devotion to Visnu. In the Skanda-purana, Siva says, “Food should first be
offered to Visnu and then the very same food should be distributed to the minor
deities and the fathers.”
Religious
Impact:
1. On
such occasions the poor and deserving persons are to be fed sumptuously. Their
necessities of life should be attended to. Study of scriptures should be done
on such days. The performer of the Sraaddha ceremony should observe spiritual
discipline like Japa, meditation, Mouna, etc. He should pray to God for the
whole day. Recitation of appropriate Vedic hymns should be done. The story of
Nachiketas of the Upanishads should be studied.
2. Holy
mother Sarada devi relaxed in many cases the rule prohibiting religious
observance, worship etc during days of mourning after death, the menstrual
period of a women and such other periods of ritualistic impurity. Once she
initiated a person during the period of mourning, considered to be a time of
defilement, saying, “there is no connection between the spirit and the body.
The talk of defilement due to death is meaningless”.
3. The
various religious observances imposed upon mankind by the Sastras tend to
purify the ignorant man. Sraaddha ceremony, being one of the obligatory duties,
as per the injunctions of scriptures, also tends to purify the mind.
4. If
a man is religious-minded and if he has discrimination and dispassion, belief
in the Sastras and the Vedas, if he has led a virtuous life till the end of his
life, he will not have a fall. He will not be affected by the dark forces of
ignorance. The Lord takes care of his progress. He has got self-surrender and
there is no fear of downfall. He has mental purity.
5. Common
sense shows each father proceeds by his father. We are all the descendants of
King Bharata. If we continue back in parent hierarchy we will reach original seven
rishis or Prajapatis, from whom all are born. They are born of Brahma and
Brahma from Vishnu. So Vishnu is the absolute father, the common ancestor of
this world. Ideally any Pinda given to our parent should go to Vishnu only.
6. When
a friend or relative presents food to a lady who is pregnant she eats the food
and satisfies herself. At the same time the child within her womb is nourished.
The food is converted into a substance suitable for the child. Similarly, when
tarpana is offered to the divine fathers, they accept it by first gratifying
themselves and then gratifying the fathers over whom they preside. Tarpana is
perhaps the most important of the sraddha rites and can even substitute for the
rest of the sraddha process.
7. I
remember a personal experience at Ramakrishna mission, Bangalore. One monk was
dead in that mission and taken to burial ground for electrical burnt. After
that the Monk who accompanied the dead body did not undergo any purifying
process and attends the monastic duties. He pointed out that no purification is
necessary after death of someone.
Psychological
Impact:
1. Earlier
the house of the dead and environment was not hygienic and there is a possibility
of epidemics due to the disease of the dead. So a thorough cleaning or purifying
that place and environment was necessary. But in modern days many purifying chemicals
are discovered and precaution can be taken based on medical advice.
2. The
sraddha process is very satisfying to grieving family members. The invocation
of God’s grace to reach beyond human endeavor is indeed powerful. The rite of
pitr-yajna is therefore, an attempt to psychologically harmonize the individual
with the larger world outside. One established a relationship with the
ancestors. The person no longer lived alone in the universe.
3. The
meaning of the prayers used in the tarpana ceremony is illustrative, “From the
highest point to lowest point, so far as this universe extends, let all divine
sages and patriarchs, all deceased fathers, on both the father’s and mother’s
side, be worshiped. Let this humble offering of sesame and water go for benefit
the whole world, from the highest heaven down to this earth, to benefit the
inhabitants of the seven continents belonging to unlimited families in the
past.”
4. It
is believed that this reminds the ancestor's spirits that they are not
forgotten and are loved, so it brings them peace. However, no one prays to
ancestors. On Shradh days, people pray that the souls of ancestors be appeased,
forget any animosity and find peace.
5. The
right to perform these sraddhas and the rights to inheritance were often
inter-related. The general hierarchy was as follows: the sons, the grandsons, the
sons of a daughter, a wife, the brothers etc. If no family members are
available then the rites may be performed by anyone of the town or village.
Brahmin
Business:
1. People
of some communities in India spend money enormously and indiscriminately on
Sraaddha ceremony for show. This is mere wastage. It is a delusion to think
that the Pitris will get more peace by spending more money. Money does not
count for the ease of the Pitris, but the intensity of Bhava, with which the
Sraaddha is performed, counts.
2. None
of the Four Veda mantra Samhita-s mention the Pinda dana. It is also not in the
Brahmana books. The sutra books (e.g. Apasthambha Sutra) which are dated two
thousand years later than Veda Samhitas mention these rites. The local priests
usually have no real knowledge. They suggest expensive rites by narrating the
fear of hell. We should not be carried away by the story of hell and heaven narrated
by them.
3. Hindu
sastra prescribes a variety of such ceremonies. Later commentators attempt to
explain why water is used during tarpana. Water is said to be a neutral
substance, therefore it can most easily be converted into the various foods
needed to satisfy the respective pitrs. For those ancestors who have entered
heaven, nectar is said to be their food. For those ancestors who have entered
into an animal species, grass may be their food. For those ancestors who had
returned to this earthly realm, rice may be their food. Water, being a neutral
substance, can easily be converted into nectar, grass or rice, etc.
4. When
the brahmanas ate they ate on behalf of the pitrs. Their satisfaction was the
satisfaction of the fathers. Although the germ of paying homage to the
brahmanas is found in the Rg-Veda, the practice of feeding brahmanas was not in
practice. In the Vedic period offerings for the dead were poured directly into
the fire, which then carried the food to the fathers. The feeding of brahmanas
was a practice that developed from the Grhya sutra period. In the later
periods, the brahmanas even came to occupy the position of the sacrificial
fire. And so food and other such articles formally offered to the pitrs began
to be offered to the brahmanas as their representatives on earth. In a further
extension to this idea the brahmana began to represent, not only the pitrs, but
even Brahman Itself. Consequently, when a brahmana ate Brahman ate, which meant
that the whole world also ate.
Logically
Inconsistent:
1. When
your father while alive is sleeping in other room and you put rice in this
room. Will he be feed? No!! Similarly if somebody is going out for a trip, instead
of taking any food items with him, at home some Pinda rituals can be done to
satisfy his hunger. Is that possible? No!! Now when a person is dead, if you
put a lot of food items here and can it possible that this food reaches the
dead who is in some unknown region? No!!
2. A
lot of emphasis and elaborate rituals are prescribed in Purana after a person
is dead. Whereas such kind of wellbeing is not mentioned in those books while
he was alive. Also need to check if the dead person was worried what happens to
him after death while he was alive?
3. If
taking bath after a touch to dead body is necessary, then what doctors will do?
What about hospital and death bed, surgery instrument etc.? Do we take bath
when we take chicken or meat as our food?
4. When
any animal (like tiger, goat, chicken, cockroach etc) is dead what happens to
them. Do they move around as eternal preta or some kind of auto-correction
mechanism exists in nature for them?
5. What
happens to unmarried person, death of children, people with no next generation
etc.? What happens to criminals, are they saved by Pinda? What happens to
people from other civilization and other religions, they don’t follow the Hindu
way of elaborate rituals?
Conclusion:
Hinduism
has no central authority that determines its beliefs, ritual practices or
social structure. Consequently, Hindu beliefs and practices vary widely from
one religious sect to another and from one geographic region to another. This
creates a highly diffused and multi-layered tradition. Therefore, it is
difficult to determine which practices and beliefs are original and which have
been added.
Upanishads
say Human being is embodied Brahaman himself. Nobody can make him/her impure.
Nobody can put him under delusion eternally. These rituals are done out of
ignorance and does not solve the original problem of human migration named as
“ignorance of ones own divinity”. Let’s work more towards to realize our own divine
nature which will give ever lasting peace. Shraadha is just a temporary help to
uplift the soul in its further migration to another world or body.
